Correct: Every healthcare provider must wash their hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand gel before touching the patient.

Incorrect: All healthcare providers should introduce themselves and verify their patient's identity. These acts do not prevent infection. Gloves or other personal protective equipment should be utilized based on the individual's activity (standard precautions). However, they must first wash their hands.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Hand washing is the number one way to prevent the transmission of infection. Nurses must not only have their own hands but also make sure other healthcare personnel do. It is crucial for our patients who are vulnerable to unseen microorganisms lurking on surfaces that people touch. Once on the hand, they can easily be transferred to the patient and cause an infection.

For the correct answer choice:
"Encourage the parents to discuss the home routine with the child" is correct because familiarizing the child with the home routine can help alleviate anxiety and create a sense of normalcy, making the transition back to home smoother.

For the incorrect answer choices:

"Provide the child with a discharge summary and instructions" is incorrect. This may not directly address the child's emotional needs or anxiety about leaving the hospital.

"Allow the child to choose a toy from the hospital playroom as a parting gift" is incorrect. While this may provide a temporary distraction, it does not help address the underlying anxiety about the transition.

"Explain the importance of taking medication at home" is incorrect. While medication adherence is important, it may not significantly help with the child's emotional response to leaving the hospital and returning home.

Correct: To dispose properly of trace chemotherapy materials, a yellow container should be secured with a leak-resistant, sealed, secure lid.

Incorrect: Black containers are to dispose of items such as hazardous pharmaceuticals. Blue containers are used to dispose of non-hazardous pharmaceutical waste.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Maintaining a safe and healthy environment is essential to optimizing healthcare outcomes. Knowledge of common sources of biohazards is crucial to this. State and federal regulations regulate proper disposal. Besides legal obligations, nurses have ethical obligations to manage biohazard waste disposal properly. Failure to comply with regulations can result in fines, penalties, or legal action for healthcare facilities. This does not include other complications of improper disposal, which could include harm to those handling waste or the environment.

For the correct answer choice:
"It sounds like you’re feeling overwhelmed by your situation" is correct. It validates the client's feelings and encourages open communication, showing empathy and understanding, which are crucial in building a therapeutic relationship.

For the incorrect answer choices:

"Try to think positively; things will improve" is incorrect. This response minimizes the client's feelings and may come across as dismissive, which is not supportive for someone experiencing depression.

"Have you considered seeking therapy for your feelings?" is incorrect. While suggesting therapy is appropriate, this response might shift the focus away from the client's current emotional state, rather than validating their feelings first.

"Many people feel this way, but they usually get better" is incorrect. This statement may not resonate with the client and can sound condescending, as it dismisses the client’s unique feelings and struggles.

Correct: Antibiotics should be completed as prescribed. All visitors and staff should wash their hands when entering a patient room.

Incorrect: Patients and visitors do not always have to wear a mask. However, patients on reverse isolation should wear a mask outside their room when traveling for tests, etc. Visitors should wear a mask when visiting a patient in reverse isolation. The patient’s room should be cleaned daily to prevent the growth of microorganisms.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Nurses are the first line in protecting and educating their patients against infection. Handwashing is the number one prevention method. Nurses must remind patients and families about infection prevention. Safety education is vital to optimal health outcomes.

For the correct answer choice:
"Support the family’s cultural practices and provide a conducive environment" is correct. Respecting and supporting cultural practices can improve the patient and family’s comfort during this challenging time. It acknowledges the significance of these rituals in the grieving process.

For the incorrect answer choices:

"Explain hospital dietary restrictions to the family regarding food brought in" is incorrect. While dietary restrictions are important, prioritizing the patient’s comfort and family support in their cultural practices takes precedence in palliative care.

"Instruct the family to refrain from performing rituals that may disturb other patients" is incorrect. This is incorrect as it may cause distress to the family and does not honor their cultural beliefs, which are crucial during end-of-life care.

"Request a cultural liaison to mediate between the family and healthcare staff" is incorrect. This is incorrect because it may delay the support that the family needs. The nurse can directly support the family in this situation without mediation if appropriate.

For the correct answer choice:
"Maintain the patient's airway throughout the treatment" is correct. Airway management is critical during ECT due to the risk of respiratory complications from muscle relaxants used in the procedure. Ensuring a patent airway is essential for the patient's safety.

For the incorrect answer choices:

"Ensure that the patient has an empty stomach before the procedure" is incorrect. While fasting is important before anesthesia, the priority during ECT is airway management rather than pre-procedure fasting verification.

"Monitor the patient's vital signs continuously" is incorrect. It is important, but the immediate priority during ECT is ensuring the airway is patent and secured.

"Educate the patient about the risks associated with ECT" is incorrect. Although patient education is essential, the primary focus during the procedure itself is on maintaining a safe environment, particularly airway management.

Correct: All the above were utilized. Given the unknown at the beginning of the COVID pandemic, facilities limited nursing students’ presence at their sites. The goal was to prevent the spread. Although these techniques cannot replace hands-on care, they provided education in various ways to enhance learning.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Training for disasters must begin in nursing school and continue throughout one’s career. Disaster training must be ongoing. Disasters can be natural or infectious; healthcare providers must be prepared to act.

Nursing schools were left to adapt since pandemics like COVID usually occur every 100 years. Other diasters occur without warning and nurses must be prepared to act.

Correct: Using ergonomics and ergonomic processes can prevent or reduce injuries in the workplace.

Incorrect: Using ergonomics and specialty equipment can lessen the risk of injury if used properly. When lifting requires assistance, using another person while both use proper mechanics can also lessen the chance of injury.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

The most frequent cause of lost or restricted work is work-related musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs). Employers are responsible for training to prevent these injuries. As a nurse, take advantage of such training to learn about ergonomics and proper body mechanics to lessen your risk of injury.

For the correct answer choice:
"The bruises are in various stages of healing" is correct because this finding may indicate repeated trauma over time, which is a red flag for child abuse. Injuries in different healing stages suggest that the incidents did not occur at the same time, raising suspicion for non-accidental trauma.

For the incorrect answer choices:

"The child appears anxious when approached by the nurse" is incorrect. It is not unusual for children to be anxious in unfamiliar environments, such as a hospital. This behavior does not specifically indicate abuse.

"The child avoids looking at the parent during the assessment" is incorrect. While it may suggest discomfort, it is not a definitive sign of abuse. Other factors would need to be considered.

"The child cries continuously throughout the examination" is incorrect. Children may cry in medical settings due to fear, pain, or unfamiliarity with the environment. This behavior does not specifically point to abuse.

For the correct answer choice:
A. "Sundowning" is correct. It describes a symptom commonly seen in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, where confusion and agitation worsen in the late afternoon and evening. This is a well-documented pattern of behavior in such patients.

For the incorrect answer choices:

"Cognitive decline" is incorrect. While the patient may be experiencing overall cognitive decline, the specific phenomenon of worsening confusion in the late afternoon and evening is referred to as sundowning, not just general decline.

"Paranoia" is incorrect. Although Alzheimer's patients may experience paranoia, the confusion and agitation that occur at a specific time of day point toward sundowning, not paranoia.

"Nocturnal agitation" is incorrect. This term is not specific to Alzheimer's and does not capture the full pattern of sundowning, which typically begins in the late afternoon or early evening.

For the correct answer choice:
"Encourage the parents to bring a familiar stuffed animal from home" is correct because familiar items can provide comfort and a sense of security, helping to reduce anxiety and fear associated with hospitalization and surgery.

For the incorrect answer choices:

"Provide the child with a coloring book and crayons to keep them occupied" is incorrect. While this can distract the child, it does not specifically address emotional comfort from familiar items that can help ease anxiety.

"Explain the surgery in detail to the child to alleviate fears" is incorrect. Young children may not fully understand complex explanations, and this could potentially increase their anxiety instead of alleviating it.

"Allow the child to play with other children in the waiting area" is incorrect. Interactions with unfamiliar peers might not provide the same level of comfort and security that familiar items do, especially in an anxiety-provoking situation like surgery.

For the correct answer choice:
"Encourage the parents to bring a familiar stuffed animal from home" is correct because familiar items can provide comfort and a sense of security, helping to reduce anxiety and fear associated with hospitalization and surgery.

For the incorrect answer choices:

"Provide the child with a coloring book and crayons to keep them occupied" is incorrect because, while this can distract the child, it does not specifically address emotional comfort from familiar items that can help ease anxiety.

"Explain the surgery in detail to the child to alleviate fears" is incorrect, as young children may not fully understand complex explanations, and this could potentially increase their anxiety instead of alleviating it.

"Allow the child to play with other children in the waiting area" is incorrect, as interactions with unfamiliar peers might not provide the same level of comfort and security that familiar items do, especially in an anxiety-provoking situation like surgery.

For the correct answer choice:
"Relieve anxiety" is correct. The compulsive checking behavior in OCD is often performed to reduce the anxiety associated with intrusive thoughts or fears about safety. The individual believes that by performing the ritual, they can prevent something bad from happening.

For the incorrect answer choices:

"Ensure security" is incorrect. While the individual may perceive this behavior as enhancing their security, the primary motivation stems from anxiety relief rather than a rational assessment of safety.

"Establish a routine" is incorrect. The behavior is driven more by compulsions than a desire for routine, which would not typically involve such excessive repetitions.

"Distract from negative thoughts" is incorrect. Although engaging in compulsive behavior may provide a temporary distraction, the primary purpose is to manage the anxiety provoked by obsessive thoughts.

For the correct answer choice:
"Recent loss of a close friend" is a critical factor that can significantly elevate the risk of suicide in adolescents. Grief and loss can lead to feelings of hopelessness, despair, and a sense of isolation, all of which can increase suicidal ideation, particularly in young people who may lack coping mechanisms.

For the incorrect answer choices:

"Struggles with time management" is incorrect. It can lead to increased stress and anxiety, but it does not typically correlate directly with a heightened risk of suicide. While poor time management can contribute to feelings of overwhelm, it is less significant than the emotional impact of losing a loved one.

"Conflicts with siblings" is incorrect. It may cause emotional distress and contribute to feelings of isolation, but these conflicts are generally not as impactful on suicidal risk as the loss of a close friend, which often leads to deeper emotional turmoil.

"Participation in extracurricular activities" is incorrect. It is usually associated with positive mental health outcomes and is less likely to increase suicide risk. Engaging in activities can provide social support and a sense of belonging, counteracting feelings of loneliness or despair.

For the correct answer choice:
"The client is exhibiting symptoms of acute stress disorder" is correct because symptoms of acute stress disorder, such as emotional detachment, numbing, or flat affect, can develop shortly after a traumatic event like a sexual assault. The client’s behavior is consistent with the acute stress response.

For the incorrect answer choices:

"The client is trying to manipulate the situation to avoid questioning" is incorrect. The client's calm demeanor is not indicative of manipulation but rather a possible coping mechanism to deal with the trauma.

"The client has already received support from friends and family" is incorrect. Even with social support, symptoms of acute stress disorder can still occur. The client's behavior reflects an internal psychological response, not necessarily the level of external support received.

"The client is expressing anger through passive behavior" is incorrect. The flat tone and calm demeanor are more characteristic of emotional detachment or shock than of anger being expressed passively.

Correct: The guidelines are primarily for acute care settings. The CDC guidelines apply to every healthcare setting.

Incorrect:

Once no longer necessary, devices and catheters should be removed.

Engagement and education of patient and family.

Training of healthcare providers. These statements are all true. Besides hand hygiene, including the patient, family, and caregivers to prevent infection is crucial.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Not only should nurses practice safety and infection control, they should educate their patients and family as well. Preventing infection is everyone's job.

Correct: Verify wristband with chart.  Ask the patient to state their full name and date of birth(DOB). As part of verifying the patient, checking their wristband identification with the chart and verbal confirmation of their full name and date of birth allows you to confirm that you have the right person.

 Incorrect: Other options only check partial information, which can still cause errors when providing care for a patient.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Nursing students must learn the five rights of medication administration and put them into practice to prevent errors. Annually, 770,000 injuries or deaths occur in the United States due to adverse drug events, according to a published study in 2018. Providing high-quality patient-centered is vital to maintaining the well-being of the patients you care for.

Therefore, remember your five rights:

• Right patient
• Right drug
• Right route
• Right time
• Right dose

For the correct answer choice:
"Exposure to trauma or abuse" is correct because a history of trauma or abuse significantly increases an adolescent's risk for suicide. Experiencing physical, emotional, or sexual abuse can lead to feelings of hopelessness, low self-esteem, and other mental health challenges that heighten the risk.

For the incorrect answer choices:

"A recent change in dietary habits" is incorrect. While changes in appetite or weight may be associated with depression, they are not typically direct risk factors for suicide on their own. The underlying emotional distress is the critical factor.

"Participation in competitive sports" is incorrect. Involvement in sports can provide a positive outlet for stress and contribute to social support. However, the pressure to perform may be a concern, but it is less significant compared to a history of trauma or abuse.

"Involvement in multiple extracurricular activities" is incorrect. While overcommitment may cause stress, it does not pose the same level of risk as exposure to traumatic experiences. Social support and structured activities can actually be protective.